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2012年  第29卷  第3期

核物理
锕系原子核自发裂变性质的理论研究
胡柏山, 张鸿飞, 李君清
2012, 29(3): 217-223. doi: 10.11804/NuclPhysRev.29.03.217
摘要:
运用推广的液滴模型(GLDM)来确定锕系原子核的自发裂变势垒, 采用量子力学中的WKB近似方法对相应自发裂变的半衰期进行了研究。 在GLDM中, 首次考虑了微观Strutinsky壳修正对裂变势垒的影响。 理论计算的锕系区重核自发裂变半衰期与实验值符合得很好, 表明包括微观壳修正的GLDM可以成功研究重核的自发裂变性质。
The spontaneous fission halflives of the actinides are calculated by the WKB approximation and the potential barriers are constructed by a General Liquid Drop Model (GLDM) including the proximity energy, the mass and charge asymmetry, and an accurate nucleus radius. The microscopic shell correction which plays a key role for the spontaneous fission barrier is considered for the first time. The twoparameter quasimolecular shape and the proximity are described in details within the GLDM. The effects of the microscopic shell correction and proximity energy for fission barrier are discussed separately. The calcula ted spontaneous fission halflives for the actinides reasonably accord with the experimental data, implying the present GLDM combined with the microscopic shell correction can be used to study the spontaneous fission properties of heavy nuclei successfully.
天体演化过程中CNO核子辐射俘获反应
李云居, 李志宏
2012, 29(3): 224-229. doi: 10.11804/NuclPhysRev.29.03.224
摘要:
C和N核的质子辐射俘获反应对恒星平稳H燃烧阶段的能量产生和元素核合成起重要作用, C, N和O 核的中子辐射俘获是原初核合成和AGB星核合成的关键反应, 精确测定它们天体物理反应率有重要意义。 除13N(p, γ)14O和16N(n, γ)17N等不稳定核的核子辐射俘获反应外, 国际上已完成了其中若干反应的直接测量工作。 但12C(p, γ)13N, 13C(p, γ)14N和15N(p, γ)16O等CNO循环关键反应的实验测量还没有达到天体物理感兴趣的能区。 13C(n, γ)14C,15N(n, γ)16N和18O(n, γ)19O等中子辐射俘获反应测量的能量跨度较大, 截面仍存在较大的不确定性。 介绍了这些反应的研究进展, 并讨论了间接测量这些反应的方法和可行性。 The proton radiative capture reactions of C and N nuclei are important for the energy production and nucleosynthesis in the CNO cycle, and the neutron radiative capture reactions of C, N and O nuclei are key reactions for the inhomogeneous Big Bang nucleosynthesis as well as for the neutron induced CNO cycle in AGB stars. So far, most of these reactions have been measured except some reactions of the unstable nuclei, such as 13N(p, γ)14O and 16N(n, γ)17N. While the direct measured reactions, such as the  12C(p, γ)13N, 13C(p, γ)14N and 15N(p, γ)16O key reactions in CNO cycle, have not reached down to the stellar energies. In addition, the large uncertainties still exist in the measured neutron capture reactions such as 13C(n, γ)14C,15N(n, γ)16N and 18O(n, γ)19O. Thus it is significant to determine their astrophysical reaction rates via the indirect measurements. In this paper, the research status and feasibility of the indirect measurements for these reactions are discussed.
从能谱中提取核子-核子碰撞截面的信息
张霄吉, 郭文军, 张凡, 倪晟
2012, 29(3): 230-234. doi: 10.11804/NuclPhysRev.29.03.230
摘要:
用同位旋相关的量子分子动力学(IQMD)模型计算了入射能量在30~200 MeV/u内, 不同中质比的反应系统(76Zn+76Zn, 76Ge+76Ge,76Se+76Se和76Kr+76Kr)碰撞产生的原子核阻止和反应产物能谱。 发现原子核阻止和不同方向的动能比值有很强的关联性,且可以用垂直方向和平行方向的碎片总动能比值的平方根近似地代替原子核阻止,用来提取同位旋相关介质中的核子-核子碰撞截面的信息。在核反应实验中,很容易测量到该物理量, 它是一个较好的探针。 The collision of different neutron/proton ratio, intermediate mass reaction systems(76Zn+76Zn, 76Ge+76Ge,76Se+76Se and 76Kr+76Kr) at the beam energy of 30~200 MeV/u are studied by using isospindependent quantum molecular dynamics(IQMD) model. It is found that there exists a strong relationship between nuclear stopping and the ratio of different direction kinetic energy, and nuclear stopping can be replaced by the square root of the ratio of perpendicular and parallel total kinetic energy of fragments, and it can be used to extract information of isospindependent in medium nucleonnucleon cross section. This physical quantity can be easily measured in nuclear reaction experiments, and it is a better probe.
投影壳模型研究丰中子奇奇核102,104Nb的转动能谱
董永胜, 于少英, 沈彩万, 胡文弢, 冯有良, 王金宝
2012, 29(3): 235-237. doi: 10.11804/NuclPhysRev.29.03.235
摘要:
运用投影壳模型研究了正常形变丰中子核同位素102,104Nb的低能级能谱, 并指定了它的准粒子组态, 理论计算所得到的能谱曲线与实验给出的能谱曲线非常一致, 说明了投影壳模型对研究重核低能级谱非常有效。 The Projected Shell Model(PSM) is used to study the low energy scheme of the neutronrich normaldeformed isotopes of oddodd nuclei 102, 104Nb. The quasiparticle configuration is assigned. The theoretical calculations of the energy band of 102,104Nb could well reproduce the experimental data. It is shown that PSM is a valid method for studying the low energy scheme of heavy nuclei.
金-金碰撞中由双光子过程产生的软双轻子(英文)
傅永平, 李云德
2012, 29(3): 238-243. doi: 10.11804/NuclPhysRev.29.03.238
摘要:
计算了由准相干双光子相互作用导致的低横动量双轻子产生。 对于不同的质量范围, 准相干双光子相互作用在低横动量区域都很重要。 将计算结果与相对论重离子对撞机RHIC的PHENIX实验数据进行比较, 发现随着双轻子不变质量的增加, 准相干双光子过程的修正作用会更加明显。
加速器
ADS注入器Ⅱ超导螺线管的初步测试
杨晓亮, 马力祯, 韩少斐, 关明智, 杨通军, 杜俊杰, 倪东升, 郑石钧, 吴巍, 杨文杰, 朱丽, 吴北民, 陈玉泉
2012, 29(3): 244-247. doi: 10.11804/NuclPhysRev.29.03.244
摘要:
介绍了加速器驱动次临界系统(ADS)注入器Ⅱ束流聚焦单元超导螺线管的初步测试。 该测试在高度1 600 mm、 直径510 mm的垂直杜瓦中, 利用型号为cryogenic sms的超导电源对磁体进行了励磁, 并利用霍尔探头测试了其轴向磁场分布情况和漏场情况, 其中心磁场励磁后可达8.20 T, 漏场分布和计算值的相对误差小于10%。 同时, 对励磁过程中骨架的应力应变状态做了测试。 对测试结果的分析表明, 骨架结构设计合理, 应变状态变化平稳, 磁体低温稳定性能良好。The preliminary test of the superconducting solenoid for ADS injectorⅡhas been carried out in order to measure its performances. A vertical dewar with height 1 600 mm and outer diameter 510 mm was employed for this test. The magnet was energized by a cryogenic sms superconducting magnet current source. The axial magnetic distribution and leakage field were also tested through hall probes. The center field can be excited up to 8.20 T and the relative diviation between the measured value and the calculated value of the stray and leakage field is less than 10%. The measurements of the strain and stress status of the magnet skeleton show that the distortion is small and the mechanical performance is robust.
HIRFL数字化高频低电平控制系统研究
丛岩, 许哲, 李刚, 王贤武, 孙列鹏, 仪孝平
2012, 29(3): 248-252. doi: 10.11804/NuclPhysRev.29.03.248
摘要:
在HIRFL加速器系统中, 需要对射频加速电压的幅度和相位进行精确控制,以实现对重离子的精确俘获、 加速和引出。传统的幅度、相位稳定控制系统采用幅度和相位两个反馈闭合环路来分别稳定腔体电压的幅度和相位。 数字化高频低电平控制系统(LLRF) 基于可编程逻辑门阵列(FPGA)和数字信号处理(DSP), 采用直接数字频率合成(DDS)与数字正交调制解调(I/Q)技术来实现对高频功率源的控制。 相位控制精度更高, 系统更加稳定。 目前控制系统在假负载上通过了长期稳定性的实验和高功率实验, 幅度偏差小于或等于±1%, 相位偏差小于或等于±0.5°。 In order to ensure that the beam quality is well enough, we need to precisely control the frequency, amplitude and phase of cavity electric field. Traditional control system consists of amplitude loop and phase loop. And these two loops control amplitude and phase stability respectively. The digital low level radio frequency (LLRF) system, which uses advanced digital control technology, needs only one feedback loop to control amplitude and phase stability. The phase control precision and stability of the system are higher than the traditional control system. The LLRF system is based on field programmable gate array (FPGA) and digital signal processing (DSP), and implemented by direct digital frequency synthesis (DDS) and digital orthogonal modulation and demodulation (I/Q) technology. The digital LLRF system has been tested in a longterm stability and highpower experiments. The amplitude deviation is lower than ±1%, and phase control accuracy is within ±1°.
能量连续可调LCS光源SINAP-III
徐望, 罗文, 黄勃松, 安振东, 李永江, 杨利峰, 范功涛, 阎喆, 徐本基, 蔡晓鹭, 潘强岩, 樊广伟
2012, 29(3): 253-258. doi: 10.11804/NuclPhysRev.29.03.253
摘要:
X/γ探测器在航天等国家战略需求领域具有非常广泛和重要的应用。 然而, X/γ探测器要在其有效能区进行精确的标定后才能发挥作用。 目前我国缺乏subMeV~MeV能量连续可调、 单色性好的γ源, 而用于航天的X/γ探测器无法完成精确定标, 从而使航天探测的发展出现瓶颈问题。 提出了升级原有的激光康普顿散射(LCS)原理性实验装置的方案, 建立了一个通过改变激光入射角来连续调节散射光子能量、 准单色、 极化、 subMeV~MeV LCS光源(SINAP-III), 从而开拓LCS光源在我国航天领域(如用于航天的X/γ探测器能量定标和抗辐射加固评估研究)的崭新应用前景, 并为将来建设一个基础和应用研究相结合的多功能的γ源实验平台打下基础。 The X/γ detectors in the field of national stratagem, such as astronautical technology, have very broad and important application. These detectors, however, will play their role properly only after accurate calibrations in effective energy region. For the shortage of continuously adjustable and quasimonochromatic γ source in China, it is impossible for the detector employed in aerospace to achieve an accurate calibration so that development of such detector has encountered a big obstacle (or a bottleneck). Therefore, we propose to upgrade the original LCS device to an adjustable photon energy by changing incident angle of laser beam, monochromatic, and polarized subMeV~MeV LCS γ source(SIMAPIII) , in order to explore the new applications of LCS γ source in aerospace as well as to establish a platform for a multifunctional of γ source.
核技术
PET探测器技术的新进展
张斌, 赵书俊
2012, 29(3): 259-265. doi: 10.11804/NuclPhysRev.29.03.259
摘要:
PET设备中探测器的研发, 一直是很活跃且具有高创新性的领域。 提高现有基于闪烁晶体探测器的性能, 研究适用于多模式成像设备(PET/CT和PET/MRI)的新型探测器, 满足TOF和DOI技术的需求并促进其发展应用, 构成PET探测器的几个主要研究方向。 介绍了PET探测器在闪烁晶体、 光电探测器和半导体探测器等方面的最新进展, 指出未来最有潜力的探测器设计方案。 The research on PET detector is a very active and highly innovative field. The main research interests of PET detector include improving performances of scintillation crystal detectors, investigating new detectors being suitable for multimodality imaging (e.g., PET/CT and PET/MRI), meeting needs of TOF and DOI technologies in order to promote their development and application. In this paper, new developments in PET detector technology about scintillation crystal, photodetector and semiconductor detector are introduced and the most potential detector design scheme in the future is brought forward.
同步辐射穆斯堡尔谱学
王世旭, 肖仁政, 陈义龙, 付德君
2012, 29(3): 266-271. doi: 10.11804/NuclPhysRev.29.03.266
摘要:
同步辐射穆斯堡尔谱自从1985年取得突破后, 经历了20多年的长足发展, 已经成为穆斯堡尔谱学的一个成熟的分支。 目前同步辐射穆斯堡尔谱学由两个部分构成: 基于相干核共振散射机制的时域穆斯堡尔谱学和基于非相干非弹性核共振散射机制的X射线谱学。 第三代同步加速器的出现促进了时域穆斯堡尔谱学的发展, 测量得到穆斯堡尔激发态寿命τ期间衰变计数率与时间的关系, 观测到一些有趣的现象。 同步辐射穆斯堡尔谱既能做常规透射谱学研究, 测量各种超精细相互作用及fLM, δSOD等穆斯堡尔参数, 也能利用非弹性核共振散射测量固体的声子谱, 并且也能测出fLM和 δSOD及力常数等, 时域谱和非相干谱的测量精度都高于常规穆斯堡尔谱。
The idea of using synchrotron radiation as a Mössbauer source experienced a breakthrough in 1985, followed by steady development for more than 20 years. Synchrotron Mössbauer spectroscopy consists of two areas. The first one is the so called time domain Mössbauer spectroscopy based on coherent nuclear resonant scattering which permits determination of hyperfine interactions and other Mössbauer parameters such as fLM and δSOD. The other is incoherent nuclear resonant inelastic Xray scattering, which provides vibration information of atoms in a solid, i.e., the phonon density of states. All the experiments have better accuracy than that obtained in conventional Mssbauer spectroscopy.
小波分析及神经网络方法在核物理及核工程中的应用
于国梁, 侯龙, 张笑鹏, 王朝辉, 康国国, 王琦, 苏晓斌, 张一云
2012, 29(3): 272-278. doi: 10.11804/NuclPhysRev.29.03.272
摘要:
介绍了小波分析和神经网络方法在核物理及核工程领域的应用现状。 分别对小波分析及神经网络方法的基本原理进行了介绍, 详细讨论了小波变换中的多分辨分析方法在γ能谱平滑以及核电站设备监测等方面的应用, 讨论了连续小波变换在γ能谱分析、 粒子种类鉴别以及核反应堆安全监测等领域的应用。 同时, 还详细介绍了神经网络方法在以上各领域的发展现状。 最后, 展望了两种方法在核安全检测、 核辐射防护以及核电站实时监控等领域的发展趋势。 Applications of wavelet analysis and neutral networks in the field of nuclear physics and engineering are reviewed. The principle of these two methods are introduced briefly, and then the applications of multiresolution analysis technique in the smoothing of γray spectroscopy, and in nuclear power plant monitoring are discussed in detail. Applications of the continuous wavelet analysis method in γray spectroscopy analysis, in particle identification , and in nuclear reactor safety monitoring are also talked over. In addition, the applications of neutral networks in above fields are introduced. Finally, the trends of the future development for these two methods are prospected.
交叉学科
质子与乙烯分子碰撞的密度泛函理论研究(英文)
王志萍, 张丰收, 王菁
2012, 29(3): 279-284. doi: 10.11804/NuclPhysRev.29.03.279
摘要:
采用含时局域密度近似与分子动力学相结合的方法研究了不同入射速度的质子与乙烯分子碰撞的动力学。计算了质子的能量损失及碰撞后乙烯分子的电子和离子的运动状态, 研究了质子的入射方向及入射动能对整个系统的碰撞动力学的影响。计算结果表明, 当入射质子的动能较小(Ek0<250 eV)时, 在相同的入射速度下, 当质子垂直于分子平面入射时, 系统的电离最大, 质子俘获的电子多; 当质子的入射动能Ek0>250 eV时, 质子的能量损失与入射方向有密切的关系。
In the framework of the timedependent localdensity approximation (TDLDA),which applied to valence electrons, coupled nonadiabatically to molecular dynamics of ions, the microscopic mechanisms of collisions between energetic protons and ethylene are studied. Not only the amount of energy lost of the projectile, but also the electron and vibration excitations of the target are identified. In addition, the influences of the collision orientation on the energy loss of the proton and excitation dynamics of ethylene are discussed. It is found that the ionization is enhanced and more electrons are captured by the proton when the proton with the impact energy less than 250 eV moves perpendicularly to the molecular plane. A strong relation between the proton energy lost and the impact orientation is obtained when the impact energy is larger than 250 eV.
酵母β-葡聚糖对C离子辐射损伤小鼠免疫系统的防护作用
王颖, 陆栋, 魏巍, 荆西刚, 王菊芳, 李文建
2012, 29(3): 285-289. doi: 10.11804/NuclPhysRev.29.03.285
摘要:
12C6+离子束对小鼠进行一次性全身辐照, 检测不同剂量的酵母β-葡聚糖对12C6+辐射损伤小鼠免疫系统的防护作用。 辐照后观察小鼠的体重、 毛色及行为变化, 照后第2天和第7天检测小鼠外周血中白细胞含量, 照后第8天检测小鼠胸腺和脾脏内SOD, GSHPX活性和MDA含量。 实验结果表明, 给予酵母β葡聚糖能减缓辐照引起的小鼠体重急剧下降, 增加小鼠外周血中白细胞含量,不同程度地恢复胸腺和脾脏SOD和GSHPX活性, 降低胸腺和脾脏MDA含量。 表明酵母β-葡聚糖对12C6+引起的小鼠辐射损伤具有防护作用。 To detect Yeast β-glucan’s protective effect on mice’s immune system after C ion beam radiation, mice were used as the test model. We observed the weight, hair color and behavior of mice everyday within a 7 d period of time after irradiation. Meanwhile, the content of white blood cell, on the 2nd and 7th day after irradiation was detected. We detected the thymus and spleen SOD, GSHPX activity and MDA content of the mice on the 8th day. The results showed that yeast βglucan could reduce the rapid weight loss of mice, increase white blood cell content, increase thymus and spleen SOD, GSHPX activity, decrease MDA content of thymus and spleen. These results indicate that yeast βglucan can protect mice’s immune system against C ion beam radiation damage.
低能N离子注入对蚕豆根尖细胞的诱变效应
黄雅琴, 李尽哲, 黄群策
2012, 29(3): 290-293. doi: 10.11804/NuclPhysRev.29.03.290
摘要:
为了研究低能N离子束的细胞遗传学效应, 以不同剂量的N离子束对蚕豆种子的种胚进行辐照, 观察分析根尖细胞的微核率、 有丝分裂指数和染色体畸变效应。 研究发现, 离子束的注入抑制了根尖细胞的有丝分裂, 干扰了正常的有丝分裂过程, 引发了染色体的结构、 行为和数目畸变; 随着离子注入剂量的增加, 微核率增加、 有丝分裂指数降低、 染色体畸变率增加。 In order to study the cytogenetic effects of lowenergy nitrogen ion irradiation, broad bean seed embryo was irradiated by different doses of nitrogen ions. Micronucleus rate, mitotic index and chromosome aberration in roottip cells were analyzed. The results showed that the injection of ions inhibited mitosis of root tip cells, interfered the normal process of mitosis, caused aberrations of chromosome structure, behavior and number. The frequency of micronucleus and chromosomal aberrations increased with the increasing radiation dosage, while mitotic index decreased.
大蒜素在重离子放射治疗中的潜在用途
许帅, 张红, 刘阳
2012, 29(3): 294-299. doi: 10.11804/NuclPhysRev.29.03.294
摘要:
综述了大蒜素对正常细胞的保护机制和对肿瘤细胞的抑制机制, 并将其与辐射保护剂和辐射增敏剂的作用机制进行了比较, 提出大蒜素在放射治疗中对正常细胞具有辐射保护效应, 而对肿瘤细胞具有辐射增敏效应。 设想大蒜素的辐射保护和辐射增敏这种双重效应及其他优点在肿瘤放射治疗中能提高辐射生物学效应, 进一步改善治疗效果, 在临床应用中具有潜在的价值。 Garlic has beneficial effects to protect against many diseases. It can not only protect normal cells from lesion, but also prevent tumorigenesis, proliferation, adhesion, invasion and metastasis. In this paper, the mechanisms of these functions of garlic were summarized and compared with radioprotector and radiosensitizer. We presented that garlic has both radioprotective effect on normal cells and radiosensitive effect on tumor cells. By right of its superiority, garlic can improve biological effect in the therapy of heavy ion. Therefore, it has potential value in clinical practice. That is worth for us to explore whether garlic has radioprotective and radiosensitive effect or not.
肿瘤细胞辐射敏感性相关蛋白研究进展
李鸿岩, 谢漪, 张昕, 张红
2012, 29(3): 300-304. doi: 10.11804/NuclPhysRev.29.03.300
摘要:
重点综述了Siah, HIF, NF-κB和DNA-PK蛋白与肿瘤细胞辐射敏感性关系的最新研究进展。 总结了中国科学院重离子束辐射生物医学重点实验室近几年来在BRCA1等肿瘤细胞辐射敏感性相关蛋白方面的研究工作。 简介了HLET C离子束治疗肿瘤的优点。 展望了此实验室借助兰州重离子研究装置(HIRFL)提供的C离子束研究肿瘤细胞辐射敏感性相关蛋白的目标和方向。 The research progress of tumor cells radiosensitivity associated protein Siah, HIF,NF-κB and DNA-PK are summarized and reviewed. The recent works of our laboratory on tumor cells radiosensitivity associated proteins such as BRCA1 are demonstrated. In the present review, we focused on discussions about the advantages of heavy ion therapy and its possible application in the research of radiosensitivity associated proteins. At the end of this review, we highlighted the future trend and potential targets in the study of tumor cells radiosensitivity associated proteins.
剂量引导精确放射治疗中三维评价算法设计及实现
王玉, 李贵, 汪冬, 吴宜灿, FDS团队
2012, 29(3): 305-309. doi: 10.11804/NuclPhysRev.29.03.305
摘要:
针对临床剂量学验证中二维评价方法只能反映每张平片上剂量分布情况, 并根据剂量引导精确放疗系统中三维剂量验证需求设计算法实现对三维剂量分布的比较。 根据公式, 在Visual C++控制台下实现剂量偏差、 位置偏差及γ分析三维评价算法。 设计两个计划进行算法验证: 计划1为方野照射等效水, 用于验证算法的正确性; 计划2为适形野照射仿真头模, 用于验证算法的实用性。 结果表明, 计划1中, 对剂量偏差,容许值范围内通过率为100%; 对位置偏差和γ分析, 容许范围内通过率为100%,容许边界值处为100±7.7%。 计划2中, 3种算法通过率分别为88.35%、100%和95.07%。 这说明该算法可用于剂量引导精确放疗系统中实现三维剂量分布的评价。
核能与核数据
氘氚源中子穿过聚乙烯样品泄漏中子谱的测量与模拟
聂阳波, 鲍杰, 阮锡超, 周祖英
2012, 29(3): 310-315. doi: 10.11804/NuclPhysRev.29.03.310
摘要:
采用飞行时间技术测量了氘氚(D-T)源中子穿过不同厚度板状聚乙烯样品后40°方向的泄漏中子时间到达谱,样品的长和宽均为100 cm, 厚度分别为4.5, 9, 18和27 cm。 本底谱测量采用了无样本底测量和无样堵孔本底测量2种方案, 利用MCNP-4C程序模拟了相同实验条件下的泄漏中子时间到达谱, 模拟过程中考虑了源中子的能谱与角分布、脉冲中子束宽度、 探测器的效率以及样品的有效面积。通过比较发现, 采用无样测量谱作为本底时,计算值/实验值(C/E)值大于1, 并且随着样品厚度的增加而偏离1;而本底谱采用无样堵孔测量谱时, C/E小于1, 并且随着样品厚度的增加而接近1。通过对两套本底谱的分析, 并结合蒙特卡罗模拟, 计算求得了相应样品厚度下比较接近实际的本底谱,采用该模拟计算本底谱后,C/E值有了明显的改善。The neutron leakage spectrum were measured at 40° by timeofflight method for polyethylene slabs with the thicknesses of 4.5, 9,18 and 27 cm,respectively. The experimental results were compared with the MCNP-4C simulations, which carefully considered many effects, such as the angle and energy distributions of the source neutrons,the width of the beam pulse,the detection efficiency and the effective measured area. The sample out and collimatorfilled spectra were measured as the background, and the results showed that C/E values were larger than 1 when using the sample out background spectra,but smaller than 1 when using the collimatorfilled background spectra. Combine these two different background spectra, a new method was used to calculate the background spectrum,and the results have a better agreement with the simulations.