2018 Vol. 35, No. 1
Display Method:
2018, 35(1): 1-4.
doi: 10.11804/NuclPhysRev.35.01.001
Abstract:
There is a puzzle in the Λc+ family, i.e., one member with JP=3/2+ is missing in a L=2 multiplet which the heavy quark effective theory predicts, and JP's of Λc(2765)+ and Λc(2940)+ are unknown. Using a light diquark picture to calculate baryon masses, we study possible assignments of two Λc's with unknown JP and the missing Λc+ with 3/2+ for L=2, and we find the most probable possibility that the peak corresponding to Λc(2880)+ actually includes a missing member with spin 3/2+ for L=2 and that quantum numbers of Λc(2765)+ and Λc(2940)+ are 2S(1/2+) and 2P (1/2-), respectively.
There is a puzzle in the Λc+ family, i.e., one member with JP=3/2+ is missing in a L=2 multiplet which the heavy quark effective theory predicts, and JP's of Λc(2765)+ and Λc(2940)+ are unknown. Using a light diquark picture to calculate baryon masses, we study possible assignments of two Λc's with unknown JP and the missing Λc+ with 3/2+ for L=2, and we find the most probable possibility that the peak corresponding to Λc(2880)+ actually includes a missing member with spin 3/2+ for L=2 and that quantum numbers of Λc(2765)+ and Λc(2940)+ are 2S(1/2+) and 2P (1/2-), respectively.
2018, 35(1): 5-9.
doi: 10.11804/NuclPhysRev.35.01.005
Abstract:
Recently, with the help of auxiliary field method, Ref.[1] obtains an analytical mass formula for nonstrange light mesons in quasi-relativistic quark model. In this work, we generalize this method to the case of strange light mesons, and obtain a mesonic mass formula which is flavor-dependent. The results show that the mass of low excitations given by the mass formula are in good agreement with the experimental data and the average error is around 30 MeV. Our mass predictions for the high states also agree well with the other calculations in the literatures, particularly, the string model calculations.
Recently, with the help of auxiliary field method, Ref.[1] obtains an analytical mass formula for nonstrange light mesons in quasi-relativistic quark model. In this work, we generalize this method to the case of strange light mesons, and obtain a mesonic mass formula which is flavor-dependent. The results show that the mass of low excitations given by the mass formula are in good agreement with the experimental data and the average error is around 30 MeV. Our mass predictions for the high states also agree well with the other calculations in the literatures, particularly, the string model calculations.
2018, 35(1): 10-17.
doi: 10.11804/NuclPhysRev.35.01.010
Abstract:
Recently, we have carried out systematically studies on the structural properties of proton number Z=38, neutron number N=63 and 64 neutron-rich isotopes 101,102Sr by using the projected shell model (PSM) with consideration of cross shell excitation. The rotation spectra, the moment of inertia and the electromagnetic transition properties (such as B(E2) and g-factor) are calculated and compared with the corresponding experimental data in this paper. Furthermore, more high spin states are predicted in the calculation and expected to be confirmed experimentally. The results show that the PSM can not only well analyze the structural properties of yrast bands in 101,102Sr but also interpret the variation of the moment of inertia, electromagnetic transition with spins in terms with the theoretical band diagram. The good agreement with the experimental data suggests that the PSM with the adopted effective interactions can be generalized to study the nuclear structure of 101,102Sr isotopes in neutron-rich mass region. For 101,102Sr isotopes, the nucleons begin to fill proton g9/2 and neutron h11/2 orbital, the dependence of nuclear structure and properties on the different orbital occupies is described by carefully analyzing the contribution from proton g9/2 and neutron h11/2 orbital to the configuration of rotational bands in band diagram.
Recently, we have carried out systematically studies on the structural properties of proton number Z=38, neutron number N=63 and 64 neutron-rich isotopes 101,102Sr by using the projected shell model (PSM) with consideration of cross shell excitation. The rotation spectra, the moment of inertia and the electromagnetic transition properties (such as B(E2) and g-factor) are calculated and compared with the corresponding experimental data in this paper. Furthermore, more high spin states are predicted in the calculation and expected to be confirmed experimentally. The results show that the PSM can not only well analyze the structural properties of yrast bands in 101,102Sr but also interpret the variation of the moment of inertia, electromagnetic transition with spins in terms with the theoretical band diagram. The good agreement with the experimental data suggests that the PSM with the adopted effective interactions can be generalized to study the nuclear structure of 101,102Sr isotopes in neutron-rich mass region. For 101,102Sr isotopes, the nucleons begin to fill proton g9/2 and neutron h11/2 orbital, the dependence of nuclear structure and properties on the different orbital occupies is described by carefully analyzing the contribution from proton g9/2 and neutron h11/2 orbital to the configuration of rotational bands in band diagram.
2018, 35(1): 18-22.
doi: 10.11804/NuclPhysRev.35.01.018
Abstract:
The transverse flow in the reaction of 40Ca+40Ca at 35 MeV/nucleon has been determined for emitted isotopes with Z=1 to 9. A significant modification of the Z-dependent flow pattern caused by the experimental filters, the detector thresholds and the angular resolutions (△ϕ) of the detector array, is observed. With the application of the appropriate experimental filters, the general trend of the experimental Z-dependent flow is well reproduced by the Constrained Molecular Dynamics (CoMD) simulation, employing an effective interaction corresponding to a soft EOS (K=200 MeV). This fact suggests that to determine the flow values more precisely, a detection system with lower energy threshold and better angular resolution is urgently required. Additionally, together with the parallel work of Z. Kohley et al.[Phys Rev C, 2012, 85:064605], the pattern of the experimental Z dependence of transverse flow is also discussed. The shoulder patterns of Z-dependent flow for 1 ≤ Z ≤ 6 can be attributed by the experimental filters, while the reduction of flow for Z ≥ 6 in our experiment can be caused by the suppression of collective motion under the momentum conservation.
The transverse flow in the reaction of 40Ca+40Ca at 35 MeV/nucleon has been determined for emitted isotopes with Z=1 to 9. A significant modification of the Z-dependent flow pattern caused by the experimental filters, the detector thresholds and the angular resolutions (△ϕ) of the detector array, is observed. With the application of the appropriate experimental filters, the general trend of the experimental Z-dependent flow is well reproduced by the Constrained Molecular Dynamics (CoMD) simulation, employing an effective interaction corresponding to a soft EOS (K=200 MeV). This fact suggests that to determine the flow values more precisely, a detection system with lower energy threshold and better angular resolution is urgently required. Additionally, together with the parallel work of Z. Kohley et al.[Phys Rev C, 2012, 85:064605], the pattern of the experimental Z dependence of transverse flow is also discussed. The shoulder patterns of Z-dependent flow for 1 ≤ Z ≤ 6 can be attributed by the experimental filters, while the reduction of flow for Z ≥ 6 in our experiment can be caused by the suppression of collective motion under the momentum conservation.
2018, 35(1): 23-27.
doi: 10.11804/NuclPhysRev.35.01.023
Abstract:
The forward-backward multiplicity correlation of heavily ionized particles produced in 12C-emulsion interactions at 400 AMeV is investigated. The heavy ionized particles, come from the target fragments, are divided into grey track particle and black track particle. The experimental results can be well explained by the geometry model of the nucleus-nucleus collisions. The emission of grey track particles in forward and backward hemisphere is not isotropic, but the emission of black track particle is almost isotropic. The averaged multiplicity of grey track particles and black track particles in forward and backward hemisphere linearly depend on the number of heavily ionized particle nh, the correlation strength in forward hemisphere is greater than that in backward hemisphere, but the dependence of grey track particle in backward hemisphere on the number of heavily ionized particle nh shows the saturation because of the intranuclar cascade effect is influenced by target size. The characteristics of multiplicity correlations can be well explained by the participant-spectator model based on the colliding geometrical picture and the cascade evaporation model of high energy nucleus-nucleus collisions.
The forward-backward multiplicity correlation of heavily ionized particles produced in 12C-emulsion interactions at 400 AMeV is investigated. The heavy ionized particles, come from the target fragments, are divided into grey track particle and black track particle. The experimental results can be well explained by the geometry model of the nucleus-nucleus collisions. The emission of grey track particles in forward and backward hemisphere is not isotropic, but the emission of black track particle is almost isotropic. The averaged multiplicity of grey track particles and black track particles in forward and backward hemisphere linearly depend on the number of heavily ionized particle nh, the correlation strength in forward hemisphere is greater than that in backward hemisphere, but the dependence of grey track particle in backward hemisphere on the number of heavily ionized particle nh shows the saturation because of the intranuclar cascade effect is influenced by target size. The characteristics of multiplicity correlations can be well explained by the participant-spectator model based on the colliding geometrical picture and the cascade evaporation model of high energy nucleus-nucleus collisions.
2018, 35(1): 28-33.
doi: 10.11804/NuclPhysRev.35.01.028
Abstract:
BRing is the main accelerator of High Intensity heavy Ion Accelerator Facility(HIAF) and its design current is 1×1011 particles per pulse (238U34+). To accumulate beams up to the design current, the injection gain has to reach 88. Two planes painting injection scheme is proposed for BRing. This scheme uses a tilted electrostatic septum and 8 bump magnets to paint beams into horizontal and vertical phase space simultaneously. It can inject enough beams into the ring in a short time and paint beams uniformly. The injection process is simulated using ORBIT code and 113 turns is injected into BRing with an injection efficiency of 97.7% which meets the requirement for beam current of BRing. The accumulated beams are distributed uniformly in transverse and hence have a little tune shift of -0.02 which reduces the risk of beam loss due to the resonance. Errors of injection parameters are analysed and the result shows two planes painting injection scheme has a high tolerance for errors of injection parameters.
BRing is the main accelerator of High Intensity heavy Ion Accelerator Facility(HIAF) and its design current is 1×1011 particles per pulse (238U34+). To accumulate beams up to the design current, the injection gain has to reach 88. Two planes painting injection scheme is proposed for BRing. This scheme uses a tilted electrostatic septum and 8 bump magnets to paint beams into horizontal and vertical phase space simultaneously. It can inject enough beams into the ring in a short time and paint beams uniformly. The injection process is simulated using ORBIT code and 113 turns is injected into BRing with an injection efficiency of 97.7% which meets the requirement for beam current of BRing. The accumulated beams are distributed uniformly in transverse and hence have a little tune shift of -0.02 which reduces the risk of beam loss due to the resonance. Errors of injection parameters are analysed and the result shows two planes painting injection scheme has a high tolerance for errors of injection parameters.
2018, 35(1): 34-39.
doi: 10.11804/NuclPhysRev.35.01.034
Abstract:
An interdigital H-mode drift tube linac (IH-DTL) with KONUS beam dynamic has been designed, which operation frequency was chosen 162.5 MHz. This IH-DTL consists of 41 accelerating cells and two quadrupole magnets triplets, can provide the C4+ with the current of 400 eμA and energy of 4 MeV/u for the synchrotron. In the beam dynamic design, the synchronous particle energy, inject RF phase and the acceleration voltage of each gap are optimized carefully to make the transverse normalized RMS acceptance of the IH-DTL to be 0.24 πmm·mrad and the beam emittance growth small than 10%. Then the RF structure was designed and the 3D electromagnetic field was imported into the PIC particle tracking code for the beam dynamic simulation. The transverse beam emittance at the exit of the IH-DTL is small than 13πmm·mrad which meets the injection requirement of the synchrotron. What is more, under the 7% vertical dipole fields component, the offset between the beam center and the drift tube's axis is ±0.5 mm at most. The transmission efficiency of the IH-DTL is higher than 99% for the whole beam in the acceptance.
An interdigital H-mode drift tube linac (IH-DTL) with KONUS beam dynamic has been designed, which operation frequency was chosen 162.5 MHz. This IH-DTL consists of 41 accelerating cells and two quadrupole magnets triplets, can provide the C4+ with the current of 400 eμA and energy of 4 MeV/u for the synchrotron. In the beam dynamic design, the synchronous particle energy, inject RF phase and the acceleration voltage of each gap are optimized carefully to make the transverse normalized RMS acceptance of the IH-DTL to be 0.24 πmm·mrad and the beam emittance growth small than 10%. Then the RF structure was designed and the 3D electromagnetic field was imported into the PIC particle tracking code for the beam dynamic simulation. The transverse beam emittance at the exit of the IH-DTL is small than 13πmm·mrad which meets the injection requirement of the synchrotron. What is more, under the 7% vertical dipole fields component, the offset between the beam center and the drift tube's axis is ±0.5 mm at most. The transmission efficiency of the IH-DTL is higher than 99% for the whole beam in the acceptance.
2018, 35(1): 40-45.
doi: 10.11804/NuclPhysRev.35.01.040
Abstract:
High current proton source and the low energy beam transport(LEBT) are the key front-end systems for CIADS injector:high current proton linac accelerator. CIADS injector's LEBT adopts double solenoid matching structure, using a limit cone which can partially avoid H2+ and H3+ which injecting into the back-end linac accelerator may impact the long-term stability and reliability of the whole system. It will be an effective method to separate the hybrid ions (H+, H2+, H3+) by adding a dipole magnet at LEBT. In this article, we simulated and mesasured the high current proton beam quality behind the LEBT with a 30 degree dipole. The results show that the the proton beam quality is significantly effected by high-order magnetic fields of the dipole magnet, and the effect increases with the increase of the beam envelope. The achieved result is useful for the LEBT design of CIADS injector.
High current proton source and the low energy beam transport(LEBT) are the key front-end systems for CIADS injector:high current proton linac accelerator. CIADS injector's LEBT adopts double solenoid matching structure, using a limit cone which can partially avoid H2+ and H3+ which injecting into the back-end linac accelerator may impact the long-term stability and reliability of the whole system. It will be an effective method to separate the hybrid ions (H+, H2+, H3+) by adding a dipole magnet at LEBT. In this article, we simulated and mesasured the high current proton beam quality behind the LEBT with a 30 degree dipole. The results show that the the proton beam quality is significantly effected by high-order magnetic fields of the dipole magnet, and the effect increases with the increase of the beam envelope. The achieved result is useful for the LEBT design of CIADS injector.
2018, 35(1): 46-52.
doi: 10.11804/NuclPhysRev.35.01.046
Abstract:
Aiming at the requirement of readout electronics in physics experiments, a 12 bit 30 MSPS successiveapproximation-register (SAR) analog-to-digital converter (ADC) with low power consumption has been designed. To evaluate the performance of this ASIC, we conducted a series of tests. We set up a test system, and we tested the ADC according to IEEE std 1241-2010. The test results indicate that the effective number of bit (ENOB) of the ADC is around 9 bits when the input signal is in the first Nyquist zone, which has met the design requirements. According to the results of dynamic and static tests of this ADC, we found that the non-linearity performance of this ASIC can be further enhanced by improving the mismatching among the capacitor array, and this provides important information for the design of the second version of this ADC.
Aiming at the requirement of readout electronics in physics experiments, a 12 bit 30 MSPS successiveapproximation-register (SAR) analog-to-digital converter (ADC) with low power consumption has been designed. To evaluate the performance of this ASIC, we conducted a series of tests. We set up a test system, and we tested the ADC according to IEEE std 1241-2010. The test results indicate that the effective number of bit (ENOB) of the ADC is around 9 bits when the input signal is in the first Nyquist zone, which has met the design requirements. According to the results of dynamic and static tests of this ADC, we found that the non-linearity performance of this ASIC can be further enhanced by improving the mismatching among the capacitor array, and this provides important information for the design of the second version of this ADC.
2018, 35(1): 53-60.
doi: 10.11804/NuclPhysRev.35.01.053
Abstract:
The China initiative Accelerator Driven System (CiADS) is the first integrated ADS facility designed to study the safety disposal of nuclear waste. As a nuclear facility, it will cause radiological impact on the environment. Therefore, the assessment of radiological impact on the environment around this facility will not only meaningful to the public health, but also offers significant guides to the shielding design of CiADS. Pebble samplings were collected around the campus of the Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou (HIRFL) and irradiated by a 241Am-Be neutron source. Based on the γ-spectrum measured by a HPGe detector before and after the neutron irradiation, the specific activities of induced radionuclides 24Na,54Mn,56Mn and 27Mg in these samples were analyzed and compared with the Monte-Carlo simulation values obtained with the Geant4 toolkit. The comparison between the experimental and simulated results indicates that Geant4 toolkit is feasible for radiation impact assessment of nuclear facilities, such as CiADS. Then the neutron spectrum outside the concrete shielding of HEBT tunnel of the CiADS have been simulated by the Geant4 toolkit, and the saturation activities of the induced nuclides in the first 10 cm pebble layer have been predicted. The results show that the saturation activities of induced radionuclides in pebbles outside the CiADS shielding are much lower than their exemption values and their radiation impacts to the environment could be ignored.
The China initiative Accelerator Driven System (CiADS) is the first integrated ADS facility designed to study the safety disposal of nuclear waste. As a nuclear facility, it will cause radiological impact on the environment. Therefore, the assessment of radiological impact on the environment around this facility will not only meaningful to the public health, but also offers significant guides to the shielding design of CiADS. Pebble samplings were collected around the campus of the Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou (HIRFL) and irradiated by a 241Am-Be neutron source. Based on the γ-spectrum measured by a HPGe detector before and after the neutron irradiation, the specific activities of induced radionuclides 24Na,54Mn,56Mn and 27Mg in these samples were analyzed and compared with the Monte-Carlo simulation values obtained with the Geant4 toolkit. The comparison between the experimental and simulated results indicates that Geant4 toolkit is feasible for radiation impact assessment of nuclear facilities, such as CiADS. Then the neutron spectrum outside the concrete shielding of HEBT tunnel of the CiADS have been simulated by the Geant4 toolkit, and the saturation activities of the induced nuclides in the first 10 cm pebble layer have been predicted. The results show that the saturation activities of induced radionuclides in pebbles outside the CiADS shielding are much lower than their exemption values and their radiation impacts to the environment could be ignored.
2018, 35(1): 61-65.
doi: 10.11804/NuclPhysRev.35.01.061
Abstract:
This paper introduces the detector of X-ray spot tracing based on the THGEM. It is used for X ray single photon measurement technology research and measurement with an effective area of 200 mm×200 mm. The circuit board has 128 array of high speed readout electronics based on ASIC and FPGA. And it is divided into two parts:the middle area of high sensitive and the peripheral area of low sensitive. The two parts share a set of readout electronics. The experiment tests the position and the fine structure of the beam line produced by X ray machine in National Institute of Metrology. The results of the experimental show that the detector realizes both the spot tracing and the fine structure of the spot. The position resolution is 0.63 mm in x direction and 0.62 mm in y direction in high sensitive of the detector, which achieve the desired goal of preliminary design.
This paper introduces the detector of X-ray spot tracing based on the THGEM. It is used for X ray single photon measurement technology research and measurement with an effective area of 200 mm×200 mm. The circuit board has 128 array of high speed readout electronics based on ASIC and FPGA. And it is divided into two parts:the middle area of high sensitive and the peripheral area of low sensitive. The two parts share a set of readout electronics. The experiment tests the position and the fine structure of the beam line produced by X ray machine in National Institute of Metrology. The results of the experimental show that the detector realizes both the spot tracing and the fine structure of the spot. The position resolution is 0.63 mm in x direction and 0.62 mm in y direction in high sensitive of the detector, which achieve the desired goal of preliminary design.
2018, 35(1): 66-71.
doi: 10.11804/NuclPhysRev.35.01.066
Abstract:
In order to improve the robustness of error-correcting codes (ECC), modern static random access memory (SRAM) always use bit-interleaving structure. However, in the absence of physical layout information, the bit-interleaving design makes it more difficult to extract the multiple-cell upset (MCU) from the test data. In this paper, the sensitivity of Bi ion irradiation was investigated in a 65 nm technology SRAM with ECC. The experimental results provide a theoretical guidance and help for the fake multiple-bit upset (FMBU) and MCU data analyzing, which improve and perfect the basic rules extracting MCU from the test data. In addition, the results show that the performance of hamming encoding is not ideal in Nano scale SRAM. In the future of space applications, it is necessary to consider more advanced algorithms to against SEU.
In order to improve the robustness of error-correcting codes (ECC), modern static random access memory (SRAM) always use bit-interleaving structure. However, in the absence of physical layout information, the bit-interleaving design makes it more difficult to extract the multiple-cell upset (MCU) from the test data. In this paper, the sensitivity of Bi ion irradiation was investigated in a 65 nm technology SRAM with ECC. The experimental results provide a theoretical guidance and help for the fake multiple-bit upset (FMBU) and MCU data analyzing, which improve and perfect the basic rules extracting MCU from the test data. In addition, the results show that the performance of hamming encoding is not ideal in Nano scale SRAM. In the future of space applications, it is necessary to consider more advanced algorithms to against SEU.
2018, 35(1): 72-77.
doi: 10.11804/NuclPhysRev.35.01.072
Abstract:
The layer number of MoS2 with different thickness was determined by the optical microscope and Raman spectra. And the damage effect of the CVD (chemical vapor deposition) prepared single-layer MoS2 sample irradiated by 209Bi ions was analyzed by the combination of Raman analysis and AFM observations. With the increase of irradiation fluence, the Raman characteristic peaks of E2g1 and A1g corresponding to both phonon vibration modes gradually bluely shift, and the intensity of the peaks obviously decreased. This is due to the fact that the 209Bi ion irradiation results in the latent track type lattice defects and they adsorb the oxygen molecules in the air ended with the p-type doping. Meanwhile, from the AFM image of the mono-layer of irradiated MoS2 under the 5×1010 ions/cm2, it can been seen that latent tracks mainly occur in the form of pits, which different from the hillock tracks observed by mechanical stripping method. The influence of different preparation technology to the track morphology is analyzed. Compared with the Raman and AFM results of MoS2 prepared by mechanical stripping, it is considered that different preparation methods will affect the electron density in single or few layers of MoS2.
The layer number of MoS2 with different thickness was determined by the optical microscope and Raman spectra. And the damage effect of the CVD (chemical vapor deposition) prepared single-layer MoS2 sample irradiated by 209Bi ions was analyzed by the combination of Raman analysis and AFM observations. With the increase of irradiation fluence, the Raman characteristic peaks of E2g1 and A1g corresponding to both phonon vibration modes gradually bluely shift, and the intensity of the peaks obviously decreased. This is due to the fact that the 209Bi ion irradiation results in the latent track type lattice defects and they adsorb the oxygen molecules in the air ended with the p-type doping. Meanwhile, from the AFM image of the mono-layer of irradiated MoS2 under the 5×1010 ions/cm2, it can been seen that latent tracks mainly occur in the form of pits, which different from the hillock tracks observed by mechanical stripping method. The influence of different preparation technology to the track morphology is analyzed. Compared with the Raman and AFM results of MoS2 prepared by mechanical stripping, it is considered that different preparation methods will affect the electron density in single or few layers of MoS2.
2018, 35(1): 78-84.
doi: 10.11804/NuclPhysRev.35.01.078
Abstract:
Energy selection system (ESS) is an important component for medical proton cyclotron system. It has been widely used to modulate the proton energy in accordance with treatment requirements. ESS consists of the energy degrader which was mostly made of graphite. Recent years, to improve the transmission efficiency of the proton beams, beryllium and boron carbide have been proposed to substitute the graphite. In this work, the Monte Carlo code, TOPAS, was used to simulate the transport process of 200 MeV proton beams traversing the multi-wedge energy degrader made of graphite, beryllium and boron carbide, respectively. Energy fluxes of the protons and secondary neutrons after degrader, as well as the energy dispersion of the degraded proton beams, were calculated. It is found that the energy dissipation effect is nearly identical for all three kinds of degrader material, but using the beryllium or even boron carbide can improve the proton transmission efficiency. However, more secondary neutrons would be produced when proton beams interact with the beryllium and boron carbide, suggesting the need of additional consideration for radiation shielding to devices.
Energy selection system (ESS) is an important component for medical proton cyclotron system. It has been widely used to modulate the proton energy in accordance with treatment requirements. ESS consists of the energy degrader which was mostly made of graphite. Recent years, to improve the transmission efficiency of the proton beams, beryllium and boron carbide have been proposed to substitute the graphite. In this work, the Monte Carlo code, TOPAS, was used to simulate the transport process of 200 MeV proton beams traversing the multi-wedge energy degrader made of graphite, beryllium and boron carbide, respectively. Energy fluxes of the protons and secondary neutrons after degrader, as well as the energy dispersion of the degraded proton beams, were calculated. It is found that the energy dissipation effect is nearly identical for all three kinds of degrader material, but using the beryllium or even boron carbide can improve the proton transmission efficiency. However, more secondary neutrons would be produced when proton beams interact with the beryllium and boron carbide, suggesting the need of additional consideration for radiation shielding to devices.
2018, 35(1): 85-93.
doi: 10.11804/NuclPhysRev.35.01.085
Abstract:
The heavy ion treatment planning system of Institute of Modern Physics(IMP), Chinese Academy of Sciences adopts single Gaussian model to depict the lateral dose distribution of pencil beam currently. Without taking secondary particles produced by heavy-ion pencil beam in medium into full consideration, the single Gaussian model is not accurate enough to describe the lateral dose distribution. In fact, an accurate pencil beam model should include the description of low dose envelope contributed by secondary particles. This work summarized the cause of formation, property, dose contribution, mathematic models and measuring methods of the low dose envelope laterally far away from the incident axis of a pencil beam. Moreover, the lateral dose distribution of heavy ion pencil beams with different energies were calculated by means of the Monte Carlo simulation method, based on the horizontal nozzle of the demonstration facility of heavy ion medical machine in the Wuwei heavy-ion therapy center, and thus the degree of coincidence between the simulated data and different mathematic models was investigated. The results verified that the triple Gaussian model was better than the single and double Gaussian models to depict the lateral dose distribution of heavy ion pencil beams, mentioned from existing papers. Thus, this work provides a basis for further developing practical and accurate pencil beam model for heavy ion cancer therapy.
The heavy ion treatment planning system of Institute of Modern Physics(IMP), Chinese Academy of Sciences adopts single Gaussian model to depict the lateral dose distribution of pencil beam currently. Without taking secondary particles produced by heavy-ion pencil beam in medium into full consideration, the single Gaussian model is not accurate enough to describe the lateral dose distribution. In fact, an accurate pencil beam model should include the description of low dose envelope contributed by secondary particles. This work summarized the cause of formation, property, dose contribution, mathematic models and measuring methods of the low dose envelope laterally far away from the incident axis of a pencil beam. Moreover, the lateral dose distribution of heavy ion pencil beams with different energies were calculated by means of the Monte Carlo simulation method, based on the horizontal nozzle of the demonstration facility of heavy ion medical machine in the Wuwei heavy-ion therapy center, and thus the degree of coincidence between the simulated data and different mathematic models was investigated. The results verified that the triple Gaussian model was better than the single and double Gaussian models to depict the lateral dose distribution of heavy ion pencil beams, mentioned from existing papers. Thus, this work provides a basis for further developing practical and accurate pencil beam model for heavy ion cancer therapy.
2018, 35(1): 94-99.
doi: 10.11804/NuclPhysRev.35.01.094
Abstract:
Abiotic stress can reduce the growth of plant heavily, and the research of salt tolerance of plant mutant is valuable to the study plant stress resistance. Dry seeds of Arabidopsis thaliana were irradiated by carbon ion beams with energy of 43.3 MeV/u provided by Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou (HIRFL). One stable mutant #197 was obtained from the progenies of the irradiated populations, the study of tolerance to salt stress of this mutant were carried out through physiological and gene transcription anlaysis. The results demonstrated:mutant #197 shown a relatively lower germination rate than wild type in salt stress conditions, meanwhile, the mutant acquired a higher ratio of green embryo than the wild type. In the molecular level, NaCl with high concentrations prompted the transcription of P5CS1 gene rapidly both in #197 muatant and the wide type, and the expression level in mutant was significantly higher than wild type. The expression of ProDH, related to proline degradation, in mutant #197 was slightly less than the wide type. Such expression patterns improved the accumulation of proline, and protect the #197 mutant from salt stress, which may lead to a lower expression of DREB2A and RD29A in mutant compared with wide type.
Abiotic stress can reduce the growth of plant heavily, and the research of salt tolerance of plant mutant is valuable to the study plant stress resistance. Dry seeds of Arabidopsis thaliana were irradiated by carbon ion beams with energy of 43.3 MeV/u provided by Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou (HIRFL). One stable mutant #197 was obtained from the progenies of the irradiated populations, the study of tolerance to salt stress of this mutant were carried out through physiological and gene transcription anlaysis. The results demonstrated:mutant #197 shown a relatively lower germination rate than wild type in salt stress conditions, meanwhile, the mutant acquired a higher ratio of green embryo than the wild type. In the molecular level, NaCl with high concentrations prompted the transcription of P5CS1 gene rapidly both in #197 muatant and the wide type, and the expression level in mutant was significantly higher than wild type. The expression of ProDH, related to proline degradation, in mutant #197 was slightly less than the wide type. Such expression patterns improved the accumulation of proline, and protect the #197 mutant from salt stress, which may lead to a lower expression of DREB2A and RD29A in mutant compared with wide type.
2018, 35(1): 100-104.
doi: 10.11804/NuclPhysRev.35.01.100
Abstract:
The reliable Monte Carlo simulation codes coupled with nuclear reaction models play an important role in the neutronic calculation for the design and optimization of the ADS spallation target. In this work, the double differential cross sections at different angles produced from a thin lead target bombarded with 597 and 1 500 MeV protons, the neutron energy spectra at different angles produced from a thick lead target bombarded with 500 and 1 500 MeV protons, and the neutron energy spectra in the backward direction(175°) produced from a thick tungsten target bombarded with 400, 600, 800, 1 000 and 1 200 MeV protons are calculated with the Geant4 code coupled INCLXX, BIC and BERT models and the FLUKA code. The calculations are compared with the available experimental data. The results show that, for the thin lead target, the calculations with the Geant4 coupled INCLXX model and FLUKA code well reproduce the experimental results. In a energy range from 10 to 40 MeV, BIC model obviously overestimates the experimental results, and BERT model slightly underestimates the experimental results. For the thick lead target, all of the calculations underestimate the experimental results around 40MeV. For the thick tungsten target, the Geant4 coupled BIC model and FLUKA code well reproduce the experimental results. INCLXX model underestimates the experimental results above 60 MeV. BERT model bad reproduces the experimental results. Overall, the neutronic calculations with the Geant4 code coupled INCLXX model and FLUKA code for the ADS spallation target is reasonable and reliable.
The reliable Monte Carlo simulation codes coupled with nuclear reaction models play an important role in the neutronic calculation for the design and optimization of the ADS spallation target. In this work, the double differential cross sections at different angles produced from a thin lead target bombarded with 597 and 1 500 MeV protons, the neutron energy spectra at different angles produced from a thick lead target bombarded with 500 and 1 500 MeV protons, and the neutron energy spectra in the backward direction(175°) produced from a thick tungsten target bombarded with 400, 600, 800, 1 000 and 1 200 MeV protons are calculated with the Geant4 code coupled INCLXX, BIC and BERT models and the FLUKA code. The calculations are compared with the available experimental data. The results show that, for the thin lead target, the calculations with the Geant4 coupled INCLXX model and FLUKA code well reproduce the experimental results. In a energy range from 10 to 40 MeV, BIC model obviously overestimates the experimental results, and BERT model slightly underestimates the experimental results. For the thick lead target, all of the calculations underestimate the experimental results around 40MeV. For the thick tungsten target, the Geant4 coupled BIC model and FLUKA code well reproduce the experimental results. INCLXX model underestimates the experimental results above 60 MeV. BERT model bad reproduces the experimental results. Overall, the neutronic calculations with the Geant4 code coupled INCLXX model and FLUKA code for the ADS spallation target is reasonable and reliable.
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