超重原子核与新元素研究

周善贵

doi:10.11804/NuclPhysRev.34.03.318

超重原子核与新元素研究

doi: 10.11804/NuclPhysRev.34.03.318

周善贵^1,2,3,4

1.
中国科学院理论物理前沿重点实验室, 中国科学院理论物理研究所, 北京 100190;
2.
中国科学院大学物理科学学院, 北京 100049;
3.
兰州重离子加速器国家实验室原子核理论中心, 兰州 730000;
4.
湖南师范大学量子效应及其应用协同创新中心, 长沙 410081

基金项目: 国家杰出青年科学基金资助项目（11525524）；国家重点基础研究发展规划资助项目（2013CB834400）；国家自然科学基金资助项目（11621131001、11647601和11711540016）；中国科学院前沿科学重点研究项目

详细信息

作者简介:
周善贵(1971-),男,黑龙江讷河人,研究员,博士,从事核物理理论研究;E-mail:sgzhou@itp.ac.cn

中图分类号: O571.21;O571.23;O571.6

Study on Superheavy Nuclei and Superheavy Elements

ZHOU Shangui^1,2,3,4

1.
CAS Key Laboratory of Frontiers in Theoretical Physics, Institute of Theoretical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China;
2.
School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China;
3.
Center of Theoretical Nuclear Physics, National Laboratory of Heavy Ion Accelerator, Lanzhou 730000, China;
4.
Synergetic Innovation Center for Quantum Effects and Application, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China

Funds: National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars (11525524); National Key Basic Research Program of China (2013CB834400); National Natural Science Foundation of China (11621131001, 11647601 and 11711540016); Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences of CAS

摘要: 当前，原子核物理研究的一个重要前沿是探索原子核的电荷与质量极限，研究超重原子核与超重元素的性质，以及合成超重原子核。20世纪60年代，基于量子壳效应，理论预言质子数为114、中子数为184的原子核及其相邻核具有较长的寿命，甚至可能是稳定的，形成一个超重稳定岛。这个理论预言促进了重离子加速器及相关探测设备的建造，推动了重离子物理的发展。到目前，已经合成到了118号元素，填满了元素周期表的第7行。然而，合成更重的超重元素或包含更多中子的超重原子核面临着很多挑战，需要理论与实验密切结合，探索超重原子核的性质与合成机制，以登上超重稳定岛。文章概要评述超重原子核与新元素研究。首先介绍超重原子核与超重元素研究的背景及理论预言，包括超重核存在的根源、理论预言的概况等。之后简要给出实验合成超重核取得的主要进展和新元素命名情况。关于合成更重的超重元素面临的挑战，文章将针对利用重离子熔合蒸发反应合成超重核的截面低、所合成的超重核缺中子等情况展开讨论。最后评述近年来超重原子核结构性质、衰变、裂变与合成机制等方面的理论研究进展，包括超重核区的幻数和超重岛的位置，超重核的稳定性，利用重离子熔合蒸发反应合成超重核的三步过程及其复杂性，利用多核子转移合成超重核的探索，等等。

The exploration of charge and mass limits of atomic nuclei and the synthesis of long-lived or stable superheavy nuclei (SHN) are at the frontier of modern nuclear physics. In the 1960s, based on the stability originating from quantum shell effects, the possible existence of an island of stability around 298114 was predicted. This prediction advanced the construction of heavy ion accelerators and detectors and the development of heavy ion physics. So far, superheavy elements (SHE) with Z up to 118 have been synthesized via heavy ion fusion reactions in laboratories. Recently the IUPAC/IUPAP Joint Working Party (JWP) concluded that criteria for the discovery of new elements have been met for those with Z=113, 115, 117 and 118. Therefore the seventh period of the periodic table of elements is completed. To synthesize even heavier elements or more neutron-rich SHN by using heavy ion fusion reactions, one confronts many challenges. More efforts should be made to study the properties of SHN both experimentally and theoretically. In this short review on the study on SHN and SHE, we will first introduce the background and theoretical predictions of SHN, including the origin of the possible existence of SHN and the predicted island of stability of SHN, etc. Then we will present progresses made up to now concerning the synthesis of SHN and the naming of the four new elements. As for the challenges nuclear physicists confront in synthesizing even heavier SHEs, we will detail those connected with heavy ion fusion-evaporation reactions, namely, the tiny cross sections to produce SHN and the fact that only neutron-deficient SHNs can be synthesized. Finally we will discuss some theoretical progresses on the study of SHN, including the structure of SHN and proton and neutron magic numbers after ²⁰⁸Pb, the stability and the synthesis mechanism of SHN as well as what we should focus on in the future.
- 超重原子核 /
- 新元素 /
- 重离子物理
Abstract: The exploration of charge and mass limits of atomic nuclei and the synthesis of long-lived or stable superheavy nuclei (SHN) are at the frontier of modern nuclear physics. In the 1960s, based on the stability originating from quantum shell effects, the possible existence of an island of stability around 298114 was predicted. This prediction advanced the construction of heavy ion accelerators and detectors and the development of heavy ion physics. So far, superheavy elements (SHE) with Z up to 118 have been synthesized via heavy ion fusion reactions in laboratories. Recently the IUPAC/IUPAP Joint Working Party (JWP) concluded that criteria for the discovery of new elements have been met for those with Z=113, 115, 117 and 118. Therefore the seventh period of the periodic table of elements is completed. To synthesize even heavier elements or more neutron-rich SHN by using heavy ion fusion reactions, one confronts many challenges. More efforts should be made to study the properties of SHN both experimentally and theoretically. In this short review on the study on SHN and SHE, we will first introduce the background and theoretical predictions of SHN, including the origin of the possible existence of SHN and the predicted island of stability of SHN, etc. Then we will present progresses made up to now concerning the synthesis of SHN and the naming of the four new elements. As for the challenges nuclear physicists confront in synthesizing even heavier SHEs, we will detail those connected with heavy ion fusion-evaporation reactions, namely, the tiny cross sections to produce SHN and the fact that only neutron-deficient SHNs can be synthesized. Finally we will discuss some theoretical progresses on the study of SHN, including the structure of SHN and proton and neutron magic numbers after ²⁰⁸Pb, the stability and the synthesis mechanism of SHN as well as what we should focus on in the future.
- superheavy nuclei /
- new element /
- heavy-ion physics

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超重原子核与新元素研究

doi: 10.11804/NuclPhysRev.34.03.318

作者简介:
周善贵(1971-),男,黑龙江讷河人,研究员,博士,从事核物理理论研究;E-mail:sgzhou@itp.ac.cn

Study on Superheavy Nuclei and Superheavy Elements

计量

超重原子核与新元素研究

doi: 10.11804/NuclPhysRev.34.03.318

作者简介:
周善贵(1971-),男,黑龙江讷河人,研究员,博士,从事核物理理论研究;E-mail:sgzhou@itp.ac.cn

English Abstract

Study on Superheavy Nuclei and Superheavy Elements

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目录

留言板

超重原子核与新元素研究

doi: 10.11804/NuclPhysRev.34.03.318

作者简介: 周善贵(1971-),男,黑龙江讷河人,研究员,博士,从事核物理理论研究;E-mail:sgzhou@itp.ac.cn

Study on Superheavy Nuclei and Superheavy Elements

计量

出版历程

超重原子核与新元素研究

doi: 10.11804/NuclPhysRev.34.03.318

作者简介: 周善贵(1971-),男,黑龙江讷河人,研究员,博士,从事核物理理论研究;E-mail:sgzhou@itp.ac.cn

English Abstract

Study on Superheavy Nuclei and Superheavy Elements

全文HTML

目录

作者简介:
周善贵(1971-),男,黑龙江讷河人,研究员,博士,从事核物理理论研究;E-mail:sgzhou@itp.ac.cn

作者简介:
周善贵(1971-),男,黑龙江讷河人,研究员,博士,从事核物理理论研究;E-mail:sgzhou@itp.ac.cn